mengurangkan, menggunakan semula, kitar semula (reduce, reused and recycle)

Dalam dunia sekarang yang mementingkan kesejahteraan alam sekitar, perkataan 3R sentiasa bermain-main di mulut pencinta alam, terpapar di papan iklan dan juga terconteng mural di dinding-dinding institusi pendidikan tinggi tapi tahukah anda semua mengenai 3R. Apa itu 3R, ia diambil dari perkataan dalam bahasa inggeris iaitu, reduce, recycle, reuse. 

"RE"=membawa maksud semula. contoh recycle = mengitar semula, reuse=menggunakan semula.

NATURAL VENTILATION

INTRODUCTION

Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally, although many of these have been compromised by the addition of partition walls and mechanical systems. With an increased awareness of the cost and environmental impacts of energy use, natural ventilation has become an increasingly attractive method for reducing energy use and cost and for providing acceptable indoor environmental quality and maintaining a healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more prevailing approach of using mechanical ventilation. In favorable climates and buildings types, natural ventilation can be used as an alternative to air-conditioning plants, saving 10%-30% of total energy consumption.

Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure differences to move fresh air through buildings. Pressure differences can be caused by wind or the buoyancy effect created by temperature differences or differences in humidity. In either case, the amount of ventilation will depend critically on the size and placement of openings in the building. It is useful to think of a natural ventilation system as a circuit, with equal consideration given to supply and exhaust. Openings between rooms such as transom windows, louvers, grills, or open plans are techniques to complete the airflow circuit through a building. Code requirements regarding smoke and fire transfer present challenges to the designer of a natural ventilation system. For example, historic buildings used the stairway as the exhaust stack, a technique now prevented by code requirements in many cases.

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilation

-Linden, P. F. (1999). "The Fluid Mechanics of Natural Ventilation". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 31: 201–238. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.31.1.201.

DEFINITION OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure or temperatures differences. There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven/cross ventilation and stack ventilation.

An example of application of Natural Ventilation in building.

    Example of Cross and Stack Ventilation.

WIND-DRIVEN NATURAL VENTILATION

Wind Driven Ventilation or Roof Mounted Ventilation design in buildings provides ventilation to occupants using the least amount of resources. Mechanical ventilation drawbacks include the use of equipment that is high in embodied energy and the consumption of energy during operation. By utilizing the design of the building, Wind Driven Ventilation takes advantage of the natural passage of air without the need for high energy consuming equipment. Wind catchers are able to aid Wind Driven Ventilation by directing air in and out of buildings.

-http://www.hbp.usm.my/ventilation/winddesign11.htm

-http://www.wind-driven-ventilation.co.uk/

STACK VENTILATION

Think of a chimney with a fire burning below. The air heated above the fire rises through the chimney and out the top. In this care, air is rising at a fairly high velocity. The same principle can be used to ventilate a space. As air increases in the temperature, its density drops. This causes it to rise past air that is at a lower temperature. A stack will concentrate this effect. Typically, the longer the stack, the more airflow you can get. The main benefit of using stack ventilation is that wind is not required.

Above diagram illustrates an airflow path driven by the stack effect. Hot air rising out the roof of the building creates a vacuum in the interior space; this vacuum is used to bring cooler air from the outside into the building. In this particular scenario, the vacuum is enhanced by wind. Note that wind is not necessary for stack ventilation and that this method can be incorporated into a building in many more ways than having just a skylight.

http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/stack.htm

DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into buildings. Fresh air is required in buildings to alleviate odors, to provide oxygen for respiration, and to increase thermal comfort. At interior air velocities of 160 feet per minute (fpm), the perceived interior temperature can be reduced by as much as 5°F. However, unlike true air-conditioning, natural ventilation is ineffective at reducing the humidity of incoming air. This places a limit on the application of natural ventilation in humid climates.

A. Types of Natural Ventilation Effects.

Wind can blow air through openings in the wall on the windward side of the building, and suck air out of openings on the leeward side and the roof. Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in the wall. Similarly, buoyancy caused by differences in humidity can allow a pressurized column of dense, evaporative cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air to exhaust near the top. 

WIND EFFECT ON BUILDING

Wind causes a positive pressure on the windward side and a negative pressure on the leeward side of buildings. To equalize pressure, fresh air will enter any windward opening and be exhausted from any leeward opening.

Sometimes wind flow prevails parallel to a building wall rather than perpendicular to it. In this case it is still possible to induce wind ventilation by architectural features or by the way a casement window opens. For example, if the wind blows from east to west along a north-facing wall, the first window (which opens out) would have hinges on the left-hand side to act as a scoop and direct wind into the room. The second window would hinge on the right-hand side so the opening is down-wind from the open glass pane and the negative pressure draws air out of the room.

General classification of wind (Malaysia)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind

GENERAL FUNCTION OF VENTILATION IN THE BUILDING

The purpose of ventilation is not only to remove bad smells from the kitchen or the toilet, ventilation also removes or dilutes potentially hazardous and gases and it helps to control the indoor humidity and, as a consequence, limits the growth of harmful organisms.

ORIENTATION

WHAT IS WIND ORIENTATION?

Wind is the flow of gasses on a large scale. On earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. Wind is caused by differences in pressure. When a difference in pressure exists, the air is accelerated from higher to lower pressure.

·      Northerly wind blows from the north to the south.

·      Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal directions or in azimuth degrees. So, for example wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates. For example, a wind coming from the south is given as 180 degrees; one from the east is 90 degrees.

Tool to determine the direction of the wind:

Wind Vine

Front view of the building:

Side view of the building:

Opinion and Justification to implement optimum ventilation into the building and its surrounding.

·      Plant small trees in front of the window. This method will help to prevent the direct sunlight to enter the building. Besides that, the photosynthesis will occurs and the plant provides oxygen and moistures into building. The plant will absorb the heat. Last but not least, the plant can beautify the environment.

·      Secondly, awning can be installed. This method also prevents the direct sunlight. The dim effect will be created. Furthermore, the through fall of the rain cannot enter through windows.

·      Bamboo scree (birai) also can be installed to replace the curtain. This is because bamboo screen is low cost and low maintenance, unlike the curtain. Bamboo screen also gives the cool effect. The gap between the bamboo can allow the light and wind to enter the building even went the screen is closed. The most important thing is, the use of bamboo screen will add the cosmetic value to the building.

Ventilation

·         Lattice can make sure the hot and cold can easily enter and exit the building. The indoor  of the building will be fresh and the temperature controlled the indirectly lighting also can seep through the lattice.

·         Add the number of windows. The minimum wind can enters the building. This method will helps to make sure perfect wind circulation in the building.

HIJAU

Sustainable boleh diertikan sebagai kebertahanan. Kebertahanan dapat diterangkan, “Daya tahan. Penyelenggaraan jangka panjang dalam kehidupan, termasuklah persekitaran, ekonomi & dimensi sosial" -Wikipidea

Skop dikecilkan pula kepada penyelengaraan persekitaran, yang selalunya menceritakan tentang Hijau.

Hijau

Hijau ialah warna yang biasa dinampak dalam alam semula jadi, khususnya tumbuh-tumbuhan. Dalam dunia yang serba pesat membangun, tiada lagi kawansan hijau dapat dilihat. Mungkin dari sini lah istilah ‘Hijau’ ditakrifkan. Juga membawa erti berpatah semula ke asal (back to basic).

Dua perkataan yang tidak dapat lari dari Hijau adalah Ke arah hijau (go green), teknologi hijau (green technology)

Go Green memberi maksud menerapkan sikap tanggungjawab terhadap ekologi dan persekitaran demi mengekalkan/ memastikan keberterusan sumber semulajadi manakala Teknologi hijau adalah perkembangan cara-cara dan material (secara berterusan), menggunakan teknik bebas-toksik.

Green (hijau) secara umumnya ditakrifkan sebagai balik kepada keadaan asal / membetulkan segala kerosakkan menggunakan teknologi bebas toksik.

Go green sudah menjadi trend dan kewajiban di kebanyakkan negara serata dunia, diterapkan dalam segala bentuk pembinaan.

SUSTAINABILITY

What is SUSTAINABILITY?

The word sustainability is derived from the Latin sustinere  (tenere : to hold sus : up).

qMaintain

qSupport

qEndure

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social.

Definisi SUSTAINABILITY

›Sustainability/keberlanjutan/keberterusanan/mampan ialah keupayaan bertahan lama dan secara berterusan dalam jangka masa yang panjang yang  merangkumi alam sekitar, ekonomi , dan sosial. Tiga perkara tersebut memainkan peranan penting untuk menjadikan sesuatu itu sustainable.

What does sustainable mean?

›Sustainability means living within the resources of the planet without damaging the environment now or in the future.

›Sustainability means living a life of dignity in harmony with nature.

›Sustainability means creating an economic system that provides for quality of life while renewing the environment and its resources.

›A sustainable community is one that resembles a living system where all of the resources (human, natural and economic) are renewed and in balance for perpetuity.

›Sustainability is creating a world where everyone can have fulfilling lives and enjoy a rich level of well-being within the limits of what nature can provide.

Menanam semula pokok merupakan konsep sustainability

›Sustainability means taking the long-term view of how our actions effect future generations and making sure we don't deplete resources or cause pollution at rates faster than the earth is able to renew them.

›Some of the many uses of the word sustainable include: Sustainable Business, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Living, Sustainable Community.

›

building concept of sustainability design

Sustainability?

› In ecology, sustainability describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time, a necessary precondition for human well-being. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems.

›Sustainability could be defined as an ability or capacity of something to be maintained or to sustain itself. It’s about taking what we need to live now, without jeopardising the potential for people in the future to meet their needs.

›If an activity is said to be sustainable, it should be able to continue forever.

Living sustainably is about living within the means of our natural systems (environment) and ensuring that our lifestyle doesn’t harm other people (society and culture). It’s a big idea to get your head around, for all of us.

Why should we be concerned about Sustainability?

›Production of sustenance for large populations is increasingly difficult because of climate change and increased levels of pollution. While the use of fossil fuels for energy, transport, and manufacturing has made it possible to support large increases in the world’s population it has also worsened environmental conditions.

›Our activities and practices today are causing widespread extinction of a wide variety of species. The biosphere of the Earth is being destroyed at a steadily increasing rate. The rate of consumption today is exceeding the Earth’s carrying capacity. 

RECYCLE, REUSE, REDUCE

Haiwan yang hampir pupus disebabkan tidak menggunakan konsep sustainability

Sustainable development, sustainable growth, and sustainable use have been used interchangeably, as if their meanings were the same but They are not same actually. 

›Sustainable growth is a contradiction in terms: nothing physical can grow indefinitely.
›Sustainable use, is only applicable to renewable resources.
›Sustainable development is used in this strategy to mean: improving the quality of human life whilst living within the carrying capacity of the ecosystems.

›

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND LIFE STYLE CHANGES!

Population!
Human ecology is the interdisciplinary investigation into the ecology of our species. "Human ecology may be defined:

(1) from a bio-ecological standpoint as the study of man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities and systems;

(2) from a bio-ecological standpoint as simply another animal affecting and being affected by his physical environment;

(3) as a human being, somehow different from animal life in general, interacting with physical and modified environments in a distinctive and creative way.

Affluence It represents the average consumption of each person in the population. —As the consumption of each person increases, the total environmental impact increases as well. A common proxy for measuring consumption is through GDP per capita. While GDP per capita measures production, it is often assumed that consumption increases when production increases. GDP per capita has been rising steadily over the last few centuries and is driving up human impact in the I=PAT equation.

The Population Growth Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards.

The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the 1960s, made by the Green Revolution.

In 2007 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055

Technological Influence Technology and society or technology and culture refers to the cycle of mutual dependence, mutual influence, the joint production technology and society on the other (technology upon culture, and vice versa). This synergistic relationship from the beginning of humans, with the creation of simple tools and into the modern technology such as printers and computers. Academic discipline that studies the impact of science, technology, and society and vice versa is called (and can be found in) science and technology studies.

The Future of Technology and Economics Some analysts like Martin Ford, author of The Light in the Tunnel: Automation, Technology and Economic Accelerating Future, argued that as advances in information technology, robots and other forms of automation leads to significant unemployment in the machine and software to start matching and exceeding the capacity of employees to perform most routine work.

Climatic changes Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). —Climate change may be limited to a 

specific region or may occur across the whole Earth.

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND LIFE STYLE CHANGES

Population

—Human ecology is the interdisciplinary investigation into the ecology of our species. "Human ecology may be defined:

—(1) from a bio-ecological standpoint as the study of man as the ecological dominant in plant and animal communities and systems;

—(2) from a bio-ecological standpoint as simply another animal affecting and being affected by his physical environment;

—(3) as a human being, somehow different from animal life in general, interacting with physical and modified environments in a distinctive and creative way.

Affluences

—It represents the average consumption of each person in the population.

—As the consumption of each person increases, the total environmental impact increases as well.

—A common proxy for measuring consumption is through GDP per capita. While GDP per capita measures production, it is often assumed that consumption increases when production increases. GDP per capita has been rising steadily over the last few centuries and is driving up human impact in the I=PAT equation.

Population Growth

—Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards.

—The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the 1960s, made by the Green Revolution.

—In 2007 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population will likely surpass 10 billion in 2055

Technological Influence

—Technology and society or technology and culture refers to the cycle of mutual dependence, mutual influence, the joint production technology and society on the other (technology upon culture, and vice versa). This synergistic relationship from the beginning of humans, with the creation of simple tools and into the modern technology such as printers and computers. Academic discipline that studies the impact of science, technology, and society and vice versa is called (and can be found in) science and technology studies.

The Future of Technology and Economics

—Some analysts like Martin Ford, author of The Light in the Tunnel: Automation, Technology and Economic Accelerating Future, argued that as advances in information technology, robots and other forms of automation leads to significant unemployment in the machine and software to start matching and exceeding the capacity of employees to perform most routine work.

Climatic changes

—Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.

—  It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events)

—Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth.

—